Importance

Modifications on lysine residues, with formation of carboxylmethyl-lysine (CML), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hexitol-lysine are advanced glycation end-products (AGE), and the coupling with reactive aldehyde compounds, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) may appear from lipid oxidation (Guichardant et al., 1998). These modifications feature the oxidative byproducts which react with NH2 groups and form Schiff-base adducts (Mark et al., 1996). LDL treated with HNE or oxidatively modified by Cu++ or by cultured endothelial cells give rise to Michael addition-type HNE adducts that are recognized by HNE-specific antibodies.

Guichardant M, Taibi-Tronche P, Fay LB, Lagarde M. Covalent modifications of aminophospholipids by 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Dec;25(9):1049-56.

Mark S. Bolgar, Chao-Yuh Yang, and Simon J. Gaskell, First Direct Evidence for Lipid/Protein Conjugation in Oxidized Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), JBC, 271: 27999-28001 (1996).

Citations

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